The following example describes a pair of choices that are inconsistent with regularity properties P.1 - P.4 for preferences.

Suppose that a person, faced with the same two budget sets that you faced in the choice example, selects the consuption levels indicated in figure 5 below.

Intuitively, the problem with this pattern of choices is that, when the price of CDs is low (p_CD = 8) and the price of DVDs is high (p_DVD = 12), the consumption of DVDs exceeds the consumption of CDs, and when the price of CDs is high, and the price of DVDs is low, the consumption of CDs is high, and the consumption of DVDs is low.

The inconsistency in the choices x^a and x^b in figure 5 with the properties of preferences is demonstrated with a simple argument.

1. When the prices of CDs and DVDs are p_CD = 8 and p_DVD = 12 then the consumption choices are shown by point x^a. Call the prices for this budget p^a. For these prices, x^a uses the consumer's entire budget, but x^b leaves part of the budget unused, so p^a x^a > p^b x^b. Consequently, x^a is chosen when x^b is available, so x^a must be at least as good as x^a. Strict monotonicity (property P.4) implies that there is a point x' near x^b that is preferred to x^b and x' is also affordable when x^a is chosen. So x^a x' (since x^a is chosen when x' is available), and x' x^b. Therefore, x^a x^b.
2. When the prices of CDs and DVDs are p_CD = 12 and p_DVD = 8 then the consumption choices are shown by point x^b. Call the prices for this budget p^b. In this case, x^b uses the consumer's entire budget, but x^a leaves part of the budget unused, so p^b x^b > p^a x^a. In this case, an argument similar to the one above shows that x^b x^a.
3. Transitivity can be applied to these two observations to demonstrate that these choices are inconsistent. Since x^a x^b, and x^b x^a, by transitivity (property P.3), x^a x^a. This violates reflexivity (property P.2), so the choices described in the example of figure 5 are inconsistent with properties P.1 through P.4.

One of the motivations for the properties of preferences is that, for a consumer whose preferences exhibit the regularity properties P.1 through P.4, and one additional property called continuity, the consumer's preferences can be represented by a utility function, and utility functions are useful because it is possible to evaluate changes in a consumer's choice patterns when the consumer's choice set varies. One important example of a consumer's response to changes in the choice set is a demand function. In the next section, an argument is developed that shows that if a consumer's preferences satisfy P.1 through P.4 and contnuity, then her preferences can be represented by a demand function u(x) such that u(x) > u(y) if and only if x y.

Go to Representation of Preferences by a Utility Function. (A)

Skip to Examples of Consistent Choices. (I)